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ISLAMABAD: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has urged Pakistan to significantly strengthen its anti-money laundering (AML) framework, expressing serious concern over the critically low number of Suspicious Transaction Reports (STRs) being filed from the country’s real estate sector.
The development came as the IMF approved the release of its fourth tranche of $1.1 billion under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF), alongside approximately $220 million under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF). Despite the disbursement, the Fund flagged persistent structural weaknesses in Pakistan’s financial monitoring architecture, particularly within Designated Non-Financial Businesses and Professions (DNFBPs).
IMF officials noted a widespread perception that significant volumes of undocumented and untaxed capital are being absorbed into the real estate market, circumventing formal financial oversight mechanisms. The Fund described the current performance of Pakistan’s DNFBP framework as unsatisfactory and called for immediate corrective measures.
In response, Pakistani authorities informed the IMF that the Federal Board of Revenue, the Financial Monitoring Unit, and the Directorate General of DNFBPs would jointly address the STR shortfall through regulatory reforms, a structured reporting framework, and mandatory registration of relevant entities.
The IMF also raised concerns over trade-based money laundering, pressing Pakistan to enhance inter-agency data sharing across customs, foreign exchange, and import payment systems to detect illicit financial flows more effectively.
Additionally, the Fund highlighted deficiencies in beneficial ownership disclosures and called for improved accuracy in the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan’s corporate registry to prevent the misuse of legal entities.
On the banking front, authorities reported that non-performing loans had declined to 6.1 percent by the end of 2025, and a previously undercapitalized private bank has since completed recapitalization and restored full regulatory compliance.
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Pakistan is full of cultural heritage sites. Rawat Fort is one of them. It stands quietly on the Grand Trunk Road, just 17 kilometres east of Rawalpindi. Hundreds of thousands of vehicles pass it every day. Most drivers never look twice. But behind those weathered stone walls lies one of the most layered historical stories in all of Punjab.
This guide covers everything a history lover needs to know about Rawat Fort, including its origins, battles, architecture, and how to visit it today.
Rawat Fort
Rawat Fort is a fortified caravanserai located in Rawat, Punjab, Pakistan. It sits on the Pothohar Plateau, near Rawalpindi. The fort is also known as Sarai Rawat. The name itself tells you something important. “Rawat” derives from the Arabic word “rabat”, meaning roadside inn or caravanserai. This was not originally a military fortress. It began as a rest stop for travellers on the world’s oldest highway.
The structure is nearly square. It measures 93.5 × 106.3 metres and encloses a courtyard of roughly 10,000 square metres. It has two main entrances. Corner towers once stood on the northern and southern ends. Inside, you will find a three-domed mosque, an octagonal tomb, scattered graves, and cell-like rooms lining the perimeter walls.
Some historians push the story back even further. According to local tradition, the site may have earlier roots going back to 1036–1039 CE. It is believed to have connections with Sultan Masud I, son of the famous Mahmud of Ghazna. However, this claim is contested. The dates do not align cleanly with the surviving architectural evidence.
Origins: A Caravanserai on the Grand Trunk Road
The story of Rawat Fort begins in the early 15th century. The Delhi Sultanate founded it as a caravanserai. At that time, the Pothohar region was under the control of Malik Jasarat, who is considered its original builder.
The original structure followed the classic Persian rebat design. This pattern was common between the 8th and 12th centuries. It featured two tall gates high enough for heavily loaded camels, corner towers, and an inner courtyard. The fort originally had up to 76 individual cells. These were small rooms rented out to travelling merchants. Comfort and commerce went hand in hand here.
The Gakhar Fortification
In the 16th century, the character of Rawat Fort changed completely. The Gakhar clan transformed it from a peaceful rest stop into a military stronghold.
The Gakhars were a powerful warrior tribe native to the Pothohar Plateau. They were loyal supporters of the Mughal Emperor Humayun. When Sher Shah Suri, the powerful Pashtun king, began expanding his control over northern India, the Gakhars became a target.
Sultan Sarang Khan Gakhar led the resistance. He had deep roots in the region. Emperor Babur himself had rewarded Sarang Khan in 1525, granting him the Potohar estate in recognition of his loyalty. That bond between the Gakhars and the Mughal dynasty would define and ultimately cost everything.
The Battle of Rawat Fort (1546): Sarang Khan’s Last Stand
This is the most powerful chapter in the story of Rawat Fort.
When Sher Shah Suri drove Humayun out of India, he needed to eliminate Gakhar resistance in the Pothohar region. He constructed the massive Rohtas Fort about 50 miles from Rawat and placed a garrison of 12,000 soldiers there under his general Khawas Khan. The message was clear: the Gakhars would be crushed.
Sher Shah Suri died in 1545. The battle at Rawat Fort took place in 1546. This means Sultan Sarang Khan was actually fighting Islam Shah Suri, Sher Shah’s son, not Sher Shah himself. Pakistan’s Archaeology Department confirms this timeline. It is a small but important correction that changes how we read the fort’s history.
The battle itself was brutal and final. Sultan Sarang Khan was struck by a spear and killed. Sixteen of his sons also died fighting alongside him. They were buried inside the fort. The courtyard that once hosted travelling merchants became a graveyard for an entire dynasty.
Sarang Khan’s brother, Adam Khan Gakhar, took over leadership of the tribe after Sarang Khan’s death.
After the Battle: Colonial Use and Abandonment
The fort continued to stand long after the battle. Local accounts suggest that British authorities also used the building during the colonial period. It was abandoned after the Partition of the subcontinent in 1947. The mosque inside, however, was never abandoned. It continues to function as the area’s Markazi Jamia Masjid. Locals still offer Friday and Eid prayers within its centuries-old walls.
The 1893–94 Rawalpindi District Gazetteer described Rawat as “the first camping ground from Rawalpindi on the Grand Trunk Road towards Jhelum.” Even in the British era, the fort’s importance was tied to its tomb and the road leading to it.
Architecture of Rawat Fort
The Gates
The fort originally had three gateways: east, north, and south. The eastern gate is the primary entrance. These gates were built tall and wide to accommodate heavily laden camels, a direct feature of the Persian rebat design. The original main gate has since vanished. The government has installed iron gates in its place.
The Three-Domed Mosque
The mosque runs along the western wall. It measures 29.5 × 12.1 metres. Three connected bays, each capped by a dome, form its silhouette. Arched openings mark each bay on the facade. The old tile flooring has been lost. Small modern modifications have changed parts of the interior. But the mosque remains a living building, not a relic frozen in time.
From the roof of this mosque, you can see the Mankiala Stupa. This is a 2nd-century Gandhara-era Buddhist monument located roughly three miles to the southeast. The view connects Rawat Fort to an even older layer of human history on the Pothohar Plateau.
The Octagonal Tomb of Sultan Sarang Khan
This is the most architecturally striking structure inside Rawat Fort. The tomb is octagonal, with a diameter of 16.6 metres. A large dome crowns it. Each entrance features a deep pishtaq, a recessed arched portal common in Mughal-era tombs. The walls are high with panel detailing and arched openings.
No marble cenotaph survives inside. It was likely removed or destroyed through vandalism or careless restoration work. But the structure itself still radiates a solemn authority. Standing beside it, you feel the weight of what happened here in 1546.
The Courtyard, Cells, and Hidden Features
The smaller graves scattered through the courtyard are believed to belong to Sarang Khan’s 16 sons. The cell-like rooms along the interior perimeter walls were originally merchant quarters.
Archaeologists have also found evidence of a hamam (bathhouse) inside the fort. A spring well once stood in the main courtyard, supplying water for animals and travellers. These features reveal that Rawat Fort was once a fully self-contained stop on one of Asia’s busiest roads.
Conservation Status: A Heritage Under Threat
The state of Rawat Fort today is both hopeful and troubling.
On the hopeful side, the government has invested in preservation. In November 2016, a conservation plan was officially commissioned. In March 2017, Rs. 50 million was allocated for the first phase of restoration work. In 2020–21, an additional Rs. 5.6 million was allocated through the Public Sector Development Programme. Restoration work was still underway as recently as early 2025.
On the troubling side, the results have been uneven. The east gate was white-washed during restoration, a decision widely criticised for erasing the fort’s time-worn character. Urban encroachment has swallowed three of the fort’s four sides. Nearby residents have dismantled old medieval bricks to use in constructing modern homes. Bats roost in the dome. Fissures run through the walls. There are no security guards at the entrance.
There is also a jurisdiction problem. The federal Archaeology and Museum Department and the Punjab provincial government have both claimed jurisdiction over the site. This administrative limbo has significantly slowed preservation.
Visitor Guide to Rawat Fort (2026)
How to Get There
Rawat Fort sits on GT Road (N-5), about 17–18 km east of Rawalpindi city centre. From Rawalpindi, allow 40–60 minutes by car, depending on traffic. From Islamabad, the drive takes approximately 25–30 minutes. Public buses and wagons run to Rawat town. From Rawat town, a short rickshaw ride will bring you to the fort.
GPS Coordinates: 33°29′53″N, 73°11′39″E
When to Visit
October to March is the best season. The weather is cool and clear. For photography, aim for early morning or late afternoon. Avoid midday visits in summer; the heat on the GT Road corridor is intense.
How Much Time to Allow
A brisk visit takes 45 minutes. A thorough exploration of the mosque, tomb, perimeter cells, and courtyard takes 60 to 90 minutes. Add extra time if you plan to photograph in detail or read the signage carefully.
What to See First
Start at the eastern main gate. Study the gateway architecture. Move into the courtyard. Visit the mosque first, then walk to the octagonal tomb. Pay attention to the smaller graves around the courtyard. If the roof access is open, climb up for the view of the Mankiala Stupa on the horizon.
Nearby Attractions
Mankiala Stupa: 3 miles southeast; a 2nd-century Buddhist monument
Rohtas Fort: ~50 miles away; UNESCO World Heritage Site connected to the same historical conflict
Pharwala Fort: another Gakhar-period fort in the Rawalpindi area
Taxila: one of the great ancient cities of the subcontinent, within easy driving distance, and home to the famous Taxila Museum a must-visit for history lovers and tourists.
Why Rawat Fort Deserves More Attention
Rawat Fort is not famous. It does not appear on any international heritage list. There are no guided tours, no gift shops, no visitor centres. But that is precisely what makes it extraordinary for a serious history lover.
This is a place where the entire sweep of medieval Punjab played out trade, power, loyalty, betrayal, and sacrifice on a single stretch of road. The Gakhar tribe fought to the last man here. A father and sixteen sons are buried inside its walls. The mosque where they prayed still calls the azan five times a day.
Every stone in Rawat Fort has a story. Most of those stories are still waiting to be told properly.
Frequently Asked Questions
The Delhi Sultanate founded it as a caravanserai in the early 15th century. The Gakhar clan later fortified it in the 16th century.
It is located in Rawat town, Punjab, Pakistan, 17 km east of Rawalpindi on the Grand Trunk Road.
Sultan Sarang Khan Gakhar and his 16 sons, who died in the 1546 battle against Suri forces, are buried inside the fort.
October to March offers the best weather. Early morning visits are ideal for photography.
No. It is a federally protected Cultural Heritage Site of Punjab, but it does not hold UNESCO status.
Conclusion
History lovers will find Rawat Fort deeply rewarding. It does not offer polished displays or guided tours. It offers something far more valuable: raw, unfiltered contact with the past. You walk the same courtyard where caravans once unloaded their goods. You stand beside the graves of men who died defending their home. You look out from the mosque roof and see a Buddhist stupa on the horizon, reminding you that this land holds centuries upon centuries of human story.
The biggest threat to Rawat Fort is not time. It is indifference. Urban encroachment, administrative disputes, and inconsistent funding are slowly erasing what centuries of weather could not destroy. Awareness is the first step toward preservation.
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KARACHI: Roshan Digital Accounts (RDA) recorded their highest-ever monthly inflow of $321 million in April 2026, according to data released by the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), marking a significant milestone in Pakistan’s efforts to attract diaspora investment through digital banking channels.
The April figure represents a month-on-month increase of $60 million over March’s inflow of $261 million, pushing total cumulative inflows into RDA since the scheme’s inception to $12,747 million.
Despite the record inflows, outflows also remained substantial. A total of $191 million was repatriated or locally utilised during the month, comprising $28 million in outward repatriation and $164 million deployed within Pakistan, causing the Net Repatriable Liability (NRL) to expand by $130 million in April.
On a cumulative basis, total repatriation and local utilisation now stand at $10,203 million, of which $2,056 million has been repatriated abroad while $8,147 million has been utilised domestically. The overall NRL currently stands at $2,544 million, equivalent to 19.96% of total RDA.
Within the NRL, Islamic Naya Pakistan Certificates (NPC) account for the largest share at $1,155 million, followed by account balances at $641 million, Conventional NPC at $555 million, equity investments at $123 million, and other liabilities at $70 million.
The scheme also continues to demonstrate strong year-on-year growth. Total inflows during the current financial year reached $2,184 million, compared to $1,925 million in the corresponding period last year, a rise of approximately 13.5%.
Repatriation and local utilisation during the same period came in at $1,630 million, up from $1,460 million a year earlier. On the participation front, 10,083 new accounts were opened during April alone, bringing the total number of RDA accounts to 927,483.
The record monthly inflow underscores sustained overseas Pakistani confidence in the RDA platform and signals continued momentum in foreign currency mobilisation through digital channels heading into the final stretch of the fiscal year.
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KARACHI: The Pakistani government has announced plans to develop a 500-megawatt floating solar power project at Keenjhar Lake in Sindh, marking a significant milestone in the country’s transition to clean, renewable energy. The project, estimated to cost $243.63 million, is projected to generate approximately 861.91 gigawatt-hours of electricity annually, operating at a capacity factor of 19.6%.
The electricity generated by the facility will be supplied to K-Electric under a long-term power purchase agreement. A letter of intent has already been secured from K-Electric, and the process to select Engineering, Procurement and Construction contractors through competitive bidding is currently underway. The Sindh Transmission and Dispatch Company has also signed a memorandum of understanding with GO Energy Private Limited to facilitate power transmission from the project site.
Situated 137 kilometres from Karachi on the surface of Keenjhar Lake, one of Sindh’s largest freshwater bodies, the project will utilise approximately 1,606 acres of the lake’s surface to accommodate nearly one million solar panels. The floating design offers dual advantages: it eliminates land acquisition challenges associated with conventional solar installations and leverages the natural cooling effect of water to improve panel efficiency and overall energy output.
The initiative aligns with Pakistan’s 2030 emissions reduction targets and is part of a broader national push to diversify energy sources and reduce dependence on costly imported fossil fuels. Construction is expected to commence in 2026, with commercial operations projected to begin by 2028. The project is also anticipated to generate significant employment during both the construction and operational phases.
However, the project has drawn concern from local fishing communities and environmentalists. As Keenjhar Lake falls within a designated Ramsar wetland site, experts have flagged potential risks to migratory bird habitats and local fisheries, underscoring the need for thorough environmental oversight throughout the project’s development.
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Pakistan is home to some of the world’s most stunning rivers. But few can match the raw beauty of the Kunhar River. This magnificent waterway flows through the heart of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, carving a breathtaking path through northern Pakistan. Whether you are a nature lover, an adventure seeker, a cultural explorer or want a celestial escape, the Kunhar River has something extraordinary to offer.
This complete visitor guide covers everything you need to know before your 2026 trip.
What Is the Kunhar River?
The Kunhar River is a 177-kilometre-long river located primarily in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. It flows through the iconic Kaghan Valley, which is one of Pakistan’s most visited regions. The river is part of the larger Indus River watershed basin.
Locally, the river is also known as Nain-Sukh, which beautifully translates to “eye’s repose.” The name perfectly captures the visual peace this river brings to everyone who sees it.
Quick Facts:
Feature
Detail
Length
177 km (110 miles)
Source
Lulusar Lake
Source Elevation
~3,410–3,950 m above sea level
Mouth
Jhelum River, near Muzaffarabad
Province
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Average Discharge
101 m³/s
Water Temperature
10–15°C
Where Does the Kunhar River Originate?
The Kunhar River begins its journey at the serene Lulusar Lake. This stunning lake sits at approximately 3,410 metres above sea level, near the famous Babusar Pass. The surrounding Himalayan peaks feed the river through glacial meltwater and natural springs.
Additional water comes from Dudipat Lake and Saif-ul-Mulook Lake. Glaciers from Malka Parbat and other high peaks also contribute to the river’s flow. This is what keeps the Kunhar River so pure and ice-cold year-round.
The Route: From Source to Sea
The river does not travel in a straight line. It weaves through some of Pakistan’s most dramatic landscapes along the way.
Here is the path the Kunhar River follows:
Lulusar Lake → Naran → Kaghan → Jalkhand → Balakot → Garhi Habibullah → Dalola → Jhelum River (Muzaffarabad)
Each town along this route has its own charm. Naran is the most popular tourist stop. Balakot serves as the entry gateway for most travellers. Garhi Habibullah is a quieter town with scenic riverside spots. The journey ends where the Kunhar River merges with the Jhelum River near Muzaffarabad in Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
Top Attractions Along the Kunhar River
The most breathtaking stops along the Kunhar River, from the serene Lulusar Lake to the fairy-tale Saif-ul-Mulook and the lively streets of Balakot.
Lulusar Lake: The Birthplace
Lulusar Lake is where the entire story begins. Sitting at over 3,400 metres, this pristine alpine lake is surrounded by snow-capped peaks. It is perfect for photography, boating, and peaceful picnics. Arriving here feels like stepping into another world entirely.
Babusar Pass: Panoramic Views
Babusar Pass stands at 4,173 metres above sea level. From here, you get breathtaking aerial views of the Kunhar River winding through green valleys far below. This pass also connects Kaghan Valley to Gilgit-Baltistan. It is typically open from May to October, so plan accordingly.
Naran and Kaghan Valley: The Heart of the River
Naran is the most beloved tourist destination along the entire river corridor. The town sits right alongside the fast-flowing waters. Visitors come here for rafting, fishing, camping, and simply soaking in the views. Kaghan Valley adds dense forests and alpine meadows to the experience.
Saif-ul-Mulook Lake
This magical lake near Naran is fed by the Kunhar River system. It is famous for its mythical folklore and crystal-clear reflections of the surrounding peaks. Foreign tourists frequently rate it among Pakistan’s top natural wonders. The boat rides here are absolutely unforgettable.
Shogran and Siri Paye Meadows
Shogran is a high-altitude plateau that overlooks the Kunhar River valley. The nearby Siri Paye Meadows are accessible by jeep and offer stunning views. Hiking and horse riding are popular activities here. The green meadow carpet against the backdrop of snowy peaks is a photographer’s dream.
Balakot: The Gateway Town
Balakot is a historic town that greets you as you enter Kaghan Valley. It sits right beside the Kunhar River and offers traditional bazaars, local food, and riverside seating. It is a great place to rest before heading further north toward Naran.
Adventure Activities on the Kunhar River
The Kunhar River is not just beautiful to look at. It is a full adventure playground.
White-Water Rafting
Rafting is the most thrilling activity on the river. The official rafting point sits approximately 4 kilometres from Naran town toward Babusar Top. You can reach it by jeep, car, or even on foot. The cost is around 500 PKR per person for a 2-kilometre stretch. Every raft includes a certified instructor.
Life jackets are mandatory. Shoes are not allowed inside the raft. The changing glacial climate has raised water levels in recent years, making rafting even more exciting. At the end of the rafting stretch, food stalls serve fresh trout and live BBQ. It is a full experience from start to finish.
Trout Fishing
The Kunhar River is legendary for its trout. Brown trout and rainbow trout thrive in these icy, clean waters. Many anglers consider this one of the finest trout fishing destinations in the entire Indian subcontinent. You will need a fishing permit from the local authorities. The best fishing spots are found near Naran, Kaghan town, and Garhi Habibullah.
Kayaking and Stand-Up Paddleboarding
Kayaking expeditions on the Kunhar River are available through licensed tour operators. Stand-up paddleboarding and river float trips are also offered. These activities give you an up-close, personal connection with the river’s flow and surroundings.
Camping and Bonfires
Camping beside the Kunhar River is a magical experience. The sound of flowing water, crisp mountain air, and a sky full of stars create an atmosphere unlike anywhere else. Popular camping sites are available in Naran, Shogran, and the wider Kaghan Valley. Always book a designated camping spot to stay safe.
Hiking and Trekking
Numerous trails fan out from the riverbanks. These lead to hidden waterfalls, alpine meadows, and remote mountain villages. Notable destinations include Lalazar Plateau, Ansoo Lake, and Dudipatsar Lake. Trails are available for beginners and experienced trekkers alike.
Chair Lifts and Jeep Safaris
For a more relaxed adventure, chair lifts near the river offer bird’s-eye views of the entire valley. Jeep safaris let you explore rugged terrain that no regular car can access. Both options are widely available and family-friendly.
Best Time to Visit the Kunhar River in 2026
Choosing the right season makes a huge difference to the quality of your trip.
Season
Months
What to Expect
Spring
April – June
Wildflowers bloom, pleasant weather, great for fishing
Summer
July – September
Best for rafting, trekking, and high-altitude lakes
Autumn
October – November
Golden foliage; fewer tourists; excellent photography
Winter
December – March
Snowfall; Babusar Pass closes; snow trekking only
The ideal window for most visitors is May through September. This period offers the best weather, the most open roads, and the widest range of activities.
How to Get to the Kunhar River in 2026
By Air
Fly into Islamabad International Airport (ISB). This is the most common entry point for international tourists. From Islamabad, you can then travel by road to Naran. In summer, some travellers fly to Gilgit and enter via Babusar Pass for a scenic approach.
By Road from Islamabad
Take the Hazara Expressway (M-15) from Islamabad toward Mansehra. Continue through Balakot and then on to Naran. The total journey takes approximately 6 to 8 hours, depending on traffic and road conditions. Always check for monsoon-season landslides before departing, especially between July and September.
From Gilgit
Travel via Babusar Pass only during the summer months. The pass is typically closed from November to April due to heavy snowfall. This route is scenic but requires a 4×4 vehicle.
Cultural Significance of the Kunhar River
The Kunhar River is far more than a geographical feature. It is the cultural heartbeat of the Kaghan Valley. Local communities have lived along its banks for generations. Their agriculture, traditions, and daily life all revolve around the river’s rhythms. Festivals and rituals tied to the river are still practiced in riverside villages today. The river also plays a vital role as a water source for the Mangla Dam reservoir downstream.
Conservation and Responsible Tourism
According to the Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation, the Kunhar River is a nationally significant natural asset that demands collective protection. Pollution, unregulated tourism, and deforestation are putting pressure on the ecosystem.
Climate change is also affecting glacial meltwater patterns, which directly impacts the river’s flow. Scientists have studied the river’s run-of-river hydropower potential, highlighting its national strategic importance.
Every visitor has a responsibility to protect this precious resource.
Follow these responsible tourism practices:
Never litter along the riverbanks or water
Use biodegradable products during your trip
Obtain all required fishing and activity permits
Stay on designated trails and paths
Support local businesses and conservation efforts
Participate in clean-up events if available
Essential Travel Tips for 2026
Carry cash in Pakistani Rupees (PKR). ATMs are very limited in remote areas.
Check road and weather conditions before departure, particularly during the monsoon season.
Dress modestly and respect local customs and traditions throughout the valley.
Purchase travel insurance before attempting any adventure activities.
Hire licensed local guides for rafting, trekking, and kayaking for maximum safety.
Water in the river is cold year-round. Wear appropriate gear for any water activity.
International visitors must carry a valid Pakistani visa.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the river that flows through Naran called?
The river flowing through Naran is the Kunhar River, also locally called Nain-Sukh.
How long is the Kunhar River?
It is 177 kilometres (110 miles) long.
Where does the Kunhar River start?
It originates from Lulusar Lake near Babusar Pass at approximately 3,410 metres above sea level.
Where does the Kunhar River end?
It merges with the Jhelum River near Muzaffarabad in Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
Is rafting on the Kunhar River safe for beginners?
Yes. Guided sections near Naran are suitable for beginners. Licensed instructors accompany every raft.
What fish can I catch in the Kunhar River?
Brown trout and rainbow trout are the most sought-after species.
Is the Kunhar River the same as the Chitral River?
No. This is a common misconception. The Chitral (Kunar) River is a completely separate river in KPK.
Conclusion
The Kunhar River is one of Pakistan’s most complete natural destinations. It offers crystal-clear glacial waters, thrilling adventures, rich cultural heritage, and some of the most dramatic mountain scenery on earth. From its peaceful origin at Lulusar Lake to its powerful meeting with the Jhelum River near Muzaffarabad, every kilometre of this river tells a breathtaking story.
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ISLAMABAD: The federal government has officially authorised the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) to collect the Petroleum Development Levy (PDL) and Climate Support Levy (CSL) on petroleum products across Pakistan. The move formally designates the tax authority as a collection agent of the Ministry of Petroleum and Petroleum Division, marking a significant shift in the administrative handling of energy-related levies.
The development follows the issuance of SRO 800(I)/2026 by the FBR, which introduces key amendments to the Sales Tax Rules 2006. The notification establishes a revised collection mechanism under which the FBR will operate on behalf of the relevant ministries, streamlining the levy collection process within the existing legal framework.
A central feature of the new framework is the introduction of a Domestic Sales Invoice (DSI) system, designed to standardise reporting and strengthen compliance throughout the petroleum supply chain. Under this arrangement, all registered purchasers of petroleum products, including petrol pump operators, are now required to submit comprehensive transaction data in a prescribed format.
The mandatory disclosures include buyer details such as National Tax Numbers (NTN) and Computerised National Identity Card (CNIC) numbers, alongside HS codes, transaction dates, quantity sold in litres, total sales value, and separately itemised PDL and CSL amounts. Where exemptions or zero-rated supplies apply, relevant statutory references must also be provided.
The amendments specifically update Annexure-L of the monthly sales tax return form STR-7. Officials noted that the Climate Support Levy, introduced in the Finance Bill 2025 and effective since July 1, 2025, is intended to fund measures to address environmental and climate-related challenges.
Importantly, FBR officials clarified that no changes have been made to existing tax rates or the overall levy structure. The revision is purely administrative, aimed at improving documentation, transparency, and reporting standards across the petroleum sector.
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ISLAMABAD: The Government of Pakistan has approved a national Code of Practice on Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) for the construction sector, marking a landmark advancement in worker protection across one of the country’s most hazardous industries.
Issued through a Statutory Regulatory Order (SRO), the Code establishes legally binding minimum safety and health standards for all construction activities, including building works, civil engineering projects, infrastructure development, and demolition operations. It applies to the full lifecycle of construction projects from planning and design through to execution and completion, ensuring that safety is embedded at every stage rather than treated as an afterthought.
A defining feature of the new framework is its explicit inclusion of informal and unregistered workers, who constitute a substantial proportion of Pakistan’s construction workforce. By extending legal protections to all workers regardless of employment status, the Code addresses longstanding gaps in labour rights enforcement and promotes non-discriminatory access to safety measures, including for migrant labourers and daily wage workers.
The Code was developed through a tripartite process involving government, employers, and workers’ representatives, co-led by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC). It aligns with internationally recognised standards, including the ILO’s global Code of Practice on OSH in construction, while being anchored in Pakistan’s existing regulatory framework.
To strengthen accountability, the Code introduces enhanced inspection mechanisms, clear compliance benchmarks, and defined enforcement responsibilities for both federal and provincial authorities.
Geir Tonstol, ILO Country Director for Pakistan, welcomed the development, noting that with enforceable standards now in place, the priority must shift firmly to implementation.
The Code will come into force one year after its official notification, allowing stakeholders time to align operations, build capacity, and prepare for nationwide adoption.
In this regard, Islamabad-based real estate developer Chakor Ventures has already demonstrated alignment with such national safety imperatives at its Citadel 7 project. The company maintains a robust “Safety First” culture across its construction operations, emphasising consistent adherence to safety protocols, proactive hazard identification, and preventive risk management. Chakor Ventures remains committed to completing its projects with an exemplary safety record, setting a positive benchmark for the private sector.
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Karachi is Pakistan’s largest city. It stretches along the coastline of the Arabian Sea. Most people know its busy streets and crowded markets. Many visitors explore popular spots like Manora Beach Karachi along the way. But just off its coastline lies a hidden treasure that even fewer people know about. Bundal Island is that treasure. This small, uninhabited island surprises every visitor. It offers pristine beaches, rich history, and an untouched ecosystem. Yet very few people talk about it. This guide covers everything you need to know about Bundal Island, from its location and wildlife to its billion-dollar development story.
Quick Facts
Feature
Details
Official Name
Bundal Island
Other Names
Bundaar, Bhandar Island, Bundle Island, Bhandar
Location
Arabian Sea, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
District
Malir District, Karachi
Coordinates
24.726118°N, 67.123833°E
Total Area
~24 km² (9.4 sq mi)
Highest Elevation
6 metres (20 ft)
Island Type
Uninhabited
Neighbouring Islands
Buddo Island, Khiprianwala Island, Charna Island
Access Point
Kemari Harbor, Karachi
Mode of Access
Boat only
Key Landmark
Tomb of Sufi Saint Yousuf Shah
Annual Event
Urs of Yousuf Shah
Ecosystem
Mangrove forests, coral reefs, and marine life
Ownership Dispute
Sindh Government vs Port Qasim Authority
Disputed Land Area
12,000 acres (49 km²)
Proposed Investment
$50 billion (PIDA, 2020)
Development Status
Undeveloped (as of 2025)
What Is Bundal Island?
Bundal Island is a small island located in the Arabian Sea. It sits southeast of Karachi’s DHA (Defence Housing Authority) area. The island spans approximately 24 square kilometres. It is part of the Indus River Delta.
The island goes by several names. Locals call it Bundaar. It is also known as Bhandar Island or Bundle Island. In Urdu, it is written as جزیرہ بھنڈار, and in Sindhi as ڀنڍار ٻيٽ.
The island is currently uninhabited. No permanent residents live there. It is mostly visited by local fishermen, pilgrims, and nature enthusiasts. Its twin island, Buddo, lies to its west. Khiprianwala Island is also nearby.
Location and How to Get There
Bundal Island is easy to locate on a map. Its coordinates are 24.726118°N latitude and 67.123833°E longitude. The island stands opposite DHA Phase 8’s Do Darya area. On a clear day, it is visible from the shoreline.
Getting there is straightforward. Visitors can reach the island by taking a short boat ride from Kemari Harbor in Karachi. It serves as the main gateway to the island.
The boat journey is short and scenic. The ride gives you a beautiful view of the Arabian Sea. It also offers a fresh perspective on the Karachi coastline.
There are currently no bridges or roads connecting the island to the mainland. All access is by water. It is advisable to hire a local fisherman’s boat. Go during daylight hours for safety. The best season to visit is between October and March when the weather is cool, and the sea is calm.
A Brief History of Bundal Island
Bundal Island has a long and layered history. Local fishermen have known it for generations. They pronounced its name as Bhandar in their dialect.
The island has strong spiritual roots. It is home to the shrine of the Sufi saint Yousuf Shah. His annual Urs at the tomb attracts thousands of people from the coast to the island.
During the Urs festival, the island transforms completely. Pilgrims arrive by boat from all around Karachi. Food stalls appear. Music fills the air. For those few days, the once-quiet island bursts with life and devotion.
Beyond its spiritual heritage, the island has also been at the centre of several major development plans. Each plan promised to change its future. So far, the island remains as it always was, peaceful and undeveloped.
A Quick Historical Timeline:
Pre-2000s: Island known mainly to local fishermen and pilgrims
2013: Bahria Town announces a $20 billion development deal
2019: PM Imran Khan reviews new development proposals
2020: Pakistan Islands Development Authority (PIDA) is formed
2021: PIDA ordinance lapses; island remains undeveloped
2025: Island still in the planning stage
Things to Do at Bundal Island
Bundal Island may not have five-star resorts. But it offers something better, a raw, untouched nature. Here are the top things to do when you visit.
Relax on Pristine Beaches
The beaches here are quiet and clean. There are no crowds. No vendors. No noise. Just the sound of waves and wind. It is a perfect escape from Karachi’s chaos.
Snorkelling and Marine Exploration
The surrounding waters are full of marine life. They are excellent for snorkelling and scuba diving. Visitors can explore the underwater world and witness colourful coral reefs and various fish species.
The water visibility is excellent in the winter months. Bring your own snorkelling gear as no rentals are available on the island.
Birdwatching
The island sits within the Indus Delta migration corridor. Many migratory bird species pass through every year. Native waterbirds are also present year-round. Birdwatchers will find this island very rewarding. Early morning is the best time to spot birds.
Photography
Bundal Island is a photographer’s dream. Wide-open beaches, the blue Arabian Sea, mangrove patches, and dramatic skies create stunning shots. The golden hour just after sunrise or before sunset is magical here.
Visit the Tomb of Yusuf Shah
This is the island’s most significant landmark. The tomb of the Sufi saint Yusuf Shah sits peacefully on the island. It holds deep cultural and religious value. Whether you are a pilgrim or a curious traveller, it is worth visiting with respect.
Island Hopping
The neighbouring Buddo and Charna Islands add to the area’s allure. You can arrange a combined island tour with local boatmen. Each island has its own character and charm.
Water Sports
Basic water activities are possible here. Kayaking is popular among adventure visitors. Some groups also bring their own jet-skiing equipment. The open sea and clean water make it ideal for water-based activities.
Ecosystem and Wildlife
This is where Bundal Island truly stands apart from other tourist spots. Its ecological value is immense.
The island boasts vital mangrove forests. It is part of the Indus Delta and hosts diverse marine life and bird species.
Mangrove forests are critical ecosystems. They protect coastlines from erosion. They serve as nurseries for fish and marine creatures. They also support hundreds of bird species. The island’s mangroves are a key part of the larger Indus Delta system.
The surrounding waters host a wide variety of marine life. Fish, crustaceans, and marine mammals are found here. The coral formations attract snorkellers and divers. The ecosystem is fragile and needs careful protection.
Environmental organisations have raised serious concerns about development plans on the island. The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has published a position paper specifically about Bundal Island. It highlights the environmental risks of large-scale construction. Dredging, land reclamation, and infrastructure development could permanently damage the mangroves and marine life.
The Bundal Island Development Project
This is perhaps the most talked-about aspect of Bundal Island. Over the years, several grand development plans have been announced. Each generated massive media attention. None has been completed.
Bahria Town Deal: 2013
In 2013, Bahria Town announced a joint venture with Thomas Kramer’s companies. The project was called Bodha Island City. It covered Bundal and Buddo Islands. The estimated cost was $20 billion.
The plan was breathtaking in scale. The proposed attractions included the world’s tallest building. There were also plans for the largest shopping mall, a sports city, educational and medical hubs, an international city, and a media city.
The project was expected to create approximately 2.5 million jobs. It aimed to provide housing for millions of people. It was set to be completed within 5 to 10 years. Residential handovers were expected to begin in 2016. None of this happened.
Pakistan Islands Development Authority (PIDA): 2020
In 2020, the federal government revived the idea of island development. Bundal Island was part of a $50 billion city development initiative. A new body, the Pakistan Islands Development Authority, was formed on September 2, 2020. It was dissolved on January 3, 2021. The presidential ordinance that established it failed to pass through parliament.
The federal government’s move was strongly criticised. Environmentalists raised alarms about damage to natural ecosystems. The provincial government of Sindh was not consulted. This created a major political conflict.
Ownership of Islands
There is a long-running dispute over the ownership of these islands. The provincial government of Sindh and the Port Qasim Authority both claim rights over 12,000 acres of land in this area.
PPP Chairperson Bilawal Bhutto Zardari publicly denounced the federal government’s move. He compared it to illegal annexation. The Sindh cabinet unanimously rejected the ordinance. They demanded that the federal government withdraw it immediately.
As of 2025, Bundal Island remains entirely undeveloped. It is still in the planning stage. The ownership dispute is unresolved. The environmental debate continues.
Bundal Island vs Buddo Island
Many people confuse these two islands. They are neighbours, but they are not the same.
Feature
Bundal Island
Buddo Island
Position
Eastern island
Western island
Key Landmark
Tomb of Yusuf Shah
More remote, fewer landmarks
Popularity
More visited
Less visited
Size
~24 km²
Smaller
Development Plans
Primary focus
Included in joint plans
When most people talk about one, they usually mean the other as well. Both islands are part of the same disputed 12,000-acre zone. Both face similar environmental and development challenges.
Is Bundal Island Worth Visiting?
The honest answer yes, but only if you know what to expect.
Bundal Island is not a luxury destination. There are no hotels. No restaurants. No roads. No electricity. You must bring your own food, water, and supplies.
But if you love nature, you will love this island. The beaches are pristine. The waters are clear. The birdlife is spectacular. The silence is healing.
It is perfect for nature lovers, photographers, adventure seekers, and spiritual pilgrims during the Urs. It is not ideal for families expecting facilities or travellers seeking comfort.
Go with a group. Hire a reliable boatman. Carry enough water and food. Leave nothing behind except footprints.
FAQs About Bundal Island
Where is Bundal Island located?
It is located in the Arabian Sea, southeast of DHA Karachi, in Malir District, Sindh, Pakistan.
How do I get to Bundal Island?
Take a boat from Kemari Harbor in Karachi. It is the only way to reach the island.
Is Bundal Island open to visitors?
Yes. There are no formal restrictions. However, there are also no facilities. Plan your visit carefully.
How big is Bundal Island?
It spans approximately 24 square kilometres (9.4 sq mi).
What is the Urs at Bundal Island?
It is the annual religious festival at the tomb of the Sufi saint Yusuf Shah. It draws thousands of pilgrims from across Karachi’s coastal communities.
What happened to the Bundal Island development project?
Multiple projects were announced, but none were completed. As of 2025, the island remains undeveloped due to legal disputes and environmental concerns.
Is Bundal Island safe to visit?
It is generally safe during the daytime. Always visit with a group and during calm sea conditions. Avoid visiting during the monsoon season (July–September).
Final Thoughts
Bundal Island is one of Karachi’s best-kept secrets. It is raw, real, and quietly beautiful. It carries history in its soil and spiritual energy in its air.
The future of Bundal Island remains uncertain. Development plans have come and gone. Legal disputes remain unresolved. Environmental debates continue. But through all of this, the island itself stays unchanged. Its beaches remain untouched. Its mangroves stand tall. Its marine life thrives beneath the surface. Whatever happens next, one thing is clear: Bundal Island deserves attention, respect, and careful protection. It is a natural asset that Pakistan cannot afford to lose.
Dedicated and detail-oriented SEO Content Writer, Real Estate Writer, and Research Analyst based in Islamabad, with proven expertise in developing accurate, valuable, and well-researched content. Skilled in analytical writing, market research, and reporting, with the ability to turn insights into clear, professional, and impactful content. Passionate about exploring new ideas, analyzing industry trends, and contributing to high-quality writing and research-driven projects.
ISLAMABAD: Interior Minister Mohsin Naqvi has issued a formal directive ordering the complete digitization of all Capital Development Authority (CDA) records within 120 days, a move aimed at enhancing administrative transparency and streamlining public service delivery. Once implemented, citizens will be able to monitor the status of their applications through an online portal, eliminating the need for in-person follow-ups.
The directive was issued during a high-level meeting chaired by Naqvi, in which officials reviewed ongoing development projects in the federal capital and deliberated on new urban initiatives. The minister categorically stated that no illegal housing societies would be tolerated within Islamabad’s limits, signalling a firm stance against unauthorized land use and encroachments.
Among the significant announcements, three international firms have been pre-qualified for the construction of a new convention center, an expo center, and the Islamabad Arena. Authorities have been instructed to ensure the timely completion of these projects in advance of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit, underscoring their strategic importance at the diplomatic level.
On the recreational front, the minister outlined an ambitious plan to modernize leisure facilities across the capital. A dedicated service center is to be established in the F-6 sector, while construction is set to begin on several public attractions, including a top golf facility, hot air balloon rides, a zip line, a water park, and an amusement park.
Additionally, Naqvi directed that F-9 Park be transformed into a world-class recreational space modelled after London’s Hyde Park, and called for a comprehensive entertainment development plan for the area around Shahdara Dam.
Infrastructure improvements were also addressed, with beautification and lighting work on the Expressway and Club Road scheduled to commence immediately. The CDA chairman confirmed that construction on the Expressway service road will proceed upon receipt of formal approval from the Planning Division.
Naqvi commended CDA officials for their role in exposing internal corruption and made clear that those found involved in malpractice would face strict accountability without exception, reaffirming the government’s commitment to institutional reform and good governance.
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KARACHI: The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has issued comprehensive revised operating rules for PRISM+, the Pakistan Real-Time Interbank Settlement Mechanism Plus, in a move aimed at reinforcing the country’s financial market infrastructure and aligning it with international best practices.
The revised rules take effect immediately and supersede the earlier PRISM Operating Rules issued under PSD Circular 02 of 2018, reflecting the significant technological and operational advancements made since that framework was established.
PRISM+ was launched in June 2025 as SBP’s upgraded Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) system. A key feature of the new system is the integration of the Central Securities Depository (CSD) module with the funds settlement system, expanding the platform’s operational scope to encompass both high-value interbank fund transfers and government securities operations under a single, unified infrastructure.
The revised rulebook covers a broad spectrum of operational areas, including participation criteria, messaging standards, funds and government securities settlement processes, liquidity and risk management controls, business-day arrangements, contingency provisions, and regulatory reporting requirements. Additionally, the rules govern the issuance, auction, trading, custody, and settlement of Government of Pakistan marketable securities, as well as related liquidity operations conducted through PRISM+.
The updated framework applies to all existing and future PRISM+ participants, encompassing scheduled banks, primary dealers, preliminary primary dealers, special purpose primary dealers, development finance institutions (DFIs), Islamic banks, Islamic banking branches, and any other institution authorised by the SBP to participate in government securities markets or settlement activities.
By consolidating various operational instructions issued over the years into a single comprehensive document, the SBP aims to enhance transparency, reduce systemic risk, and ensure that Pakistan’s core payment and securities settlement infrastructure operates at a standard consistent with global regulatory expectations.
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