HomepageArticles by: Saleha Ali

Author: Saleha Ali

CategoriesClimate Change

Smog in Pakistan 2025: Causes, Cities Affected & How to Stay Safe

Smog in Pakistan has turned into a fifth season. Every winter, thick layers of smog engulf Pakistan’s major cities, turning the skies grey and the air toxic. From Lahore to Faisalabad, poor air quality has become a recurring crisis linked to vehicle emissions, industrial smoke, and crop burning. As pollution peaks between October and January, smog threatens health, disrupts daily life, and highlights the urgent need for cleaner energy and stronger environmental action. In this blog, Chakor answers all your questions about smog in Pakistan.

Category Smog in Pakistan: Key Details
Top Affected Cities Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Multan all report AQI levels ranging from “very unhealthy” to “hazardous” during October–January. Smog in Islamabad has also been an issue in recent years.
Most Impacted City | Smog in Lahore Lahore often ranks among the most polluted cities globally, with AQI readings exceeding 400–600 during peak smog in Pakistan.
Main Causes of Smog in Pakistan Vehicle emissions, industrial smoke, brick kilns, and post-harvest crop burning worsen in stagnant winter air and temperature inversions.
Season of Smog in Pakistan October to January, when dry, cold weather traps pollutants near the ground, creating thick layers of smog.
 Smog in Pakistan | Health Impacts Respiratory illnesses, eye irritation, heart complications, and a higher risk for children, the elderly, and those with asthma.
Short-Term Measures School closures, work-from-home directives, mask mandates, and traffic restrictions during severe smog spikes.
Long-Term Government Actions Enforcement of Smog Prevention Rules 2023, conversion of brick kilns to zig-zag technology, introduction of Euro-5 and Euro-6 fuels, and development of a UNEP-supported Smog Mitigation Plan.
Local Preventive Steps Use N95/KN95 masks, limit outdoor activity, maintain vehicles, avoid open burning, and plant more trees to improve local air quality.
Future Prevention Goals of Smog in Pakistan Strengthen vehicle inspection systems, expand clean-fuel infrastructure, support farmers in residue-to-energy initiatives, and align national air-quality targets with WHO standards (PM2.5 ≤ 5 µg/m³).

Smog Definition

traffic view during smog hours

Smog is a thick, dirty haze that forms when pollutants in the air mix and react with sunlight. These pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) from vehicle exhaust, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fuel vapors, and gases such as sulfur dioxide and ammonia, combine to form ground-level ozone and tiny particulate matter (PM2.5).

Sometimes, a weather condition called a temperature inversion traps this polluted air close to the ground, prolonging the smog in Pakistan and making it harder for people to breathe.

Difference Between Smog and Smoke

Smoke is a visible mixture of gases and tiny solid particles released from burning materials like wood, coal, or fuel. Smog, on the other hand, is a mixture of smoke and fog formed when pollutants react with sunlight, creating a thick, toxic haze that lingers in the air.

Difference Between Fog and Smog

Fog is a natural weather phenomenon made up of tiny water droplets suspended in the air, usually forming when humidity is high and temperatures drop. Smog, however, is a mixture of fog and air pollutants such as smoke and chemicals, giving it a brownish or grey color and making it harmful to breathe.

Types of Smog

Smog appears in different forms depending on the main pollutants and the weather conditions. Here are the two primary types recognized by experts:

  • Sulfurous Smog (London Smog): This type develops when sulfur oxides from burning coal or other sulfur-rich fuels combine with high humidity and suspended particles. The result is dense, grey-black air that can severely impair visibility and respiratory health.
  • Photochemical Smog (Los Angeles Smog): This form occurs mainly in sunny urban environments with large numbers of vehicles. Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon vapours react under sunlight to form ground-level ozone and other harmful compounds. It often appears as a brownish haze, reduces visibility, irritates eyes and lungs, and damages plants.

Causes of Smog in Pakistan

smog in pakistan animation

Smog in Pakistan is caused by a mix of human activities, industrial emissions, and weather conditions that trap pollutants near the ground. Each year, from late October to January, dense smoke and fog create a thick grey haze over Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and other cities in Punjab.

Transport Emissions

Vehicles are the leading source of urban air pollution.

  • Old and poorly maintained cars, buses, and rickshaws release heavy smoke, NOx, and VOCs.
  • Use of low-quality, high-sulfur fuels worsens exhaust pollution.
  • Weak inspection and enforcement allow smoke-emitting vehicles to stay on roads.

Brick Kilns and Industrial Pollution

Brick Kilns causing smog in pakistan

Brick kilns and small factories produce large amounts of PM2.5 particles.

  • Traditional kilns burn coal, rubber, and crop waste, creating dense black smoke.
  • Many kilns operate near cities such as Sheikhupura, Kasur, and Gujranwala, increasing local pollution.
  • Industries using low-grade furnace oil or lacking emission filters add further pollutants to the air.

Crop Residue Burning | Smog in Pakistan

a farmer burning crop residue causing smog in pakistan

Post-harvest burning of rice straw is a major seasonal contributor to smog.

  • Farmers burn leftover stubble in October and November to clear land for wheat planting.
  • This releases smoke, soot, carbon monoxide, and methane, worsening air quality.
  • Research shows it accounts for 30–40% of PM2.5 in Lahore during the peak smog season.
  • The smoke lingers for days due to cold, still air and low wind speeds.

Construction Dust, Generators, & Waste Burning | Smog in Pakistan

Construction Dust causes smog

Every day, urban activities add to year-round pollution.

  • Construction sites and roadwork generate heavy dust.
  • Diesel generators used during power outages emit thick black smoke.
  • Open burning of garbage and plastic waste releases toxic fumes.
     These sources continuously increase particulate matter and deepen the winter haze.

Weather and Climate Factors

weather causing smog

Weather conditions intensify smog in Pakistan formation.

  • In winter, temperature inversion traps polluted air close to the ground.
  • Climate change has lengthened and increased the frequency of these inversion periods.
  • Low rainfall and weak winds prevent pollutants from dispersing, allowing smog to persist across the Indus Basin region.

Hazardous Smog Effects on Health

Effects of Smog in Pakistan on Health

  • Respiratory Problems: Smog irritates the airways, causing coughing, wheezing, asthma attacks, and chronic bronchitis.
  • Eye and Throat Irritation: Polluted air leads to burning eyes, sore throat, and watery discharge, especially in children and outdoor workers.
  • Heart and Lung Diseases: Long-term exposure increases the risk of heart attacks, stroke, and lung infections.
  • Reduced Immunity: Continuous inhalation of fine particles weakens the immune system, making the body more prone to infections.
  • Harm to Children and Elderly: Kids, pregnant women, and older adults are more vulnerable due to weaker respiratory and immune systems.
  • Decreased Visibility and Accidents: Dense smog lowers visibility, leading to more road accidents and transport delays.

Global and Regional Factors Amplifying Pakistan’s Smog

Global Factors Causing Smog in Pakistan Regional Factors Causing Smog in Pakistan
Rising Temperatures: Pakistan is warming faster than the global average, accelerating chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), thereby increasing ground-level ozone. Crop Burning in Northern India: Large-scale stubble burning in Indian Punjab and Haryana (Oct–Nov) produces smoke that drifts into Pakistan via shared wind corridors.
Longer Dry Spells: Climate change has reduced winter rainfall, particularly in Punjab, preventing natural cleansing of pollutants. Regional Airflow Patterns: The bowl-like shape of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, bordered by the Himalayas, traps polluted air over Pakistan’s Punjab region.
Temperature Inversions: More frequent and longer-lasting winter inversions trap cool, polluted air near the ground. Shared Emission Sources: Both India and Pakistan depend heavily on coal, diesel, and open burning, adding to the shared haze.
Changing Wind Patterns: Altered monsoon and post-monsoon winds due to global warming have weakened air circulation, allowing pollutants to stagnate. Transboundary Pollution: Cross-border movement of pollutants from northern India worsens smog levels in eastern Punjab and Lahore.
Climate Impact Summary: Hotter, drier, and more stagnant weather conditions are becoming common, ideal for trapping smog. Need for Regional Cooperation: UNEP and SAARC advocate for joint monitoring, data sharing, and coordinated air-quality management between Pakistan and India.

Cities Hit the Worst by Smog in Pakistan

lahore through smog

Punjab’s major cities experience severe air pollution each winter, turning the region into one of the world’s most dangerous smog zones.

  • Lahore: Faces AQI levels between 400–600, making it one of the most polluted cities globally.
  • Kasur & Sheikhupura: Nearby crop residue burning adds thick smoke to Lahore’s atmosphere.
  • Faisalabad: Suffers from industrial emissions and vehicle exhaust, reducing visibility during the winter months.
  • Gujranwala: High brick kiln activity and factory smoke contribute to persistent haze.
  • Multan: Dust from construction and urban traffic keeps pollution levels elevated.

Measures Taken by the Government to Tackle Smog in Pakistan

Federal and provincial governments are implementing short- and long-term measures to reduce smog in Pakistan.

  • Short-Term Measures (Nov–Dec 2024): Schools and offices closed during peak smog. Work-from-home policy introduced to reduce traffic. Masks made mandatory. Heavy vehicles are banned inside city limits. Public parks and museums closed on high-AQI days.
  • Punjab EPA Smog Rules 2023: Ban on low-grade fuels. Mandatory cleaner energy use. Regular inspections and fines for vehicles and industries emitting smoke. New air-quality monitoring systems in major cities.
  • Brick Kiln Modernization: Zig-zag kiln technology promoted for cleaner burning. Non-compliant kilns shut down during smog season. More than 70% of kilns in Punjab have been upgraded.
  • Vehicle and Fuel Upgrade Plan: Euro-5 fuel in use nationwide. Euro-6 standard targeted by 2030. Vehicle fitness centers launched to phase out unfit vehicles.
  • UNEP–Punjab Smog Roadmap: Stricter fines for high emitters. Air-quality data added to urban planning. Public awareness programs for clean fuels, waste management, and green transport.

Actions for Individuals & Institutions to Tackle Smog in Pakistan

Citizens and organizations are urged to take daily actions to reduce exposure and emissions.

  • Individuals: Wear N95 or KN95 masks. Check AQI before going outdoors. Limit unnecessary driving and energy use.
  • Commuters: Carpool or use public transport. Keep vehicles well-maintained. Avoid idling engines. Use low-sulfur fuels.
    At Home: Avoid burning garbage. Reduce diesel generator use. Choose energy-efficient lights and appliances.
  • Farmers and Communities: Stop stubble burning. Use Happy Seeder and Super-SMS machines. Turn residue into compost or biofuel. Plant trees and reduce construction dust by watering and covering sites.
  • Schools and Offices: Use HEPA air purifiers. Move outdoor activities indoors when AQI exceeds 150. Shift to online work or learning when AQI reaches 300.

Conclusion | Smog in Pakistan

Smog in Pakistan is a recurring public health crisis caused by vehicle emissions, industrial pollution, and crop burning, worsened by climate change. Temporary measures offer short relief, but lasting improvement needs cleaner fuels, modern kilns, and strict enforcement. With collective action and sustained commitment, Pakistan can work toward clearer skies and healthier air for all. For more information on similar informative topics, visit Chakor blogs.

FAQs About Smog in Pakistan

What is smog definition and smog meaning?

 Smog definition refers to polluted air formed when smoke, dust, and fog mix with chemical pollutants. Smog meaning is the presence of dirty haze in the atmosphere that makes breathing difficult and reduces visibility.

What are the causes of smog and consequences of smog?

 The main causes of smog include vehicle emissions, brick kilns, crop burning, and industrial smoke. The consequences of smog are respiratory issues, eye irritation, heart problems, and reduced visibility that leads to accidents.

What is photochemical smog and how is it different from fog or smoke?

 Photochemical smog forms when sunlight reacts with vehicle exhaust gases, creating harmful ozone. The difference between fog and smog is that fog is natural moisture, while smog contains pollutants. The difference between smog and smoke is that smoke comes from burning materials, but smog is a mix of smoke, fog, and pollutants.

What is smog in Lahore and how bad is Lahore smog today?

 Smog in Lahore peaks from October to January when AQI levels reach hazardous levels. Lahore smog today often exceeds 400–600 AQI, making the city one of the most polluted globally.

What is smog holiday and why was there a holiday in Lahore due to smog?

 A smog holiday is declared when air quality becomes dangerous. The holiday in Lahore due to smog was announced by the Punjab government to reduce outdoor exposure and traffic pollution during extreme smog days.

What is Lahore High Court smog order and Lahore High Court smog case?

 The Lahore High Court smog order directed the Punjab government to impose smog holidays, monitor emissions, and implement control measures. The Lahore High Court smog case emphasized public health protection and strict enforcement of environmental rules.

What is Punjab govt smog holiday notification and smog holidays in Punjab 2023 notification?

 The Punjab govt smog holiday notification and smog holidays in Punjab 2023 notification announced closures of schools, offices, and public places across Lahore, Faisalabad, and Gujranwala due to worsening air quality.

What is smog in Islamabad and smog Islamabad situation?

 Smog in Islamabad has increased in recent years, mainly due to rising traffic and construction activity. The smog Islamabad levels remain lower than Lahore but still reach unhealthy AQI ranges in winter.

What does smog awareness in Urdu aim to achieve?

 Smog awareness in Urdu focuses on educating citizens about pollution sources, preventive steps, and health risks. It encourages mask use, reduced driving, and tree planting.

What is smog chart and how does it help?

 A smog chart shows AQI categories from good to hazardous, helping people track daily air quality and decide when to limit outdoor activity.

What is smog lockdown in Lahore and how does it relate to smog news?

 Smog lockdown in Lahore refers to temporary restrictions on traffic and industries to control pollution. Smog news updates these measures and daily air quality levels for public awareness.

What are future prevention goals of smog in Pakistan?

 Future prevention goals of smog in Pakistan include expanding clean-fuel use, enforcing vehicle inspections, promoting residue-to-energy farming, and aligning air-quality targets with WHO standards.

CategoriesNews

Smog offenders busted: Lahore Police go after dirty air culprits

LAHORE: Lahore Police have intensified their operations against individuals and businesses contributing to environmental pollution as part of the city’s ongoing anti-smog campaign.

According to a statement issued on Monday, police have arrested 83 people and registered 77 cases during the latest phase of the drive. Of those detained, 68 individuals were apprehended for emitting harmful smoke from factories, brick kilns, and vehicles, nine were caught burning tires, plastic, and shopping bags, and six were caught burning crop residue.

The arrests were made across multiple divisions, including 42 from Saddar, 14 from City, 13 from Cantt, six from Civil Lines, five from Model Town, and three from Iqbal Town Division.

Capital City Police Officer (CCPO) Bilal Siddique Kamyana said that full enforcement of anti-smog Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) is being ensured, with police extending legal support to other departments addressing environmental violations. 

He added that the Punjab Safe Cities Authority’s surveillance cameras are being used to identify and track offenders.

Kamyana directed police officials to accelerate operations against all elements contributing to air pollution and to act without discrimination. “Clean air is the best gift we can give to our future generations,” he said, urging citizens to cooperate in the fight against smog.

The crackdown comes as Lahore faces worsening air quality ahead of the winter smog season, driven by industrial emissions, vehicle smoke, and open burning.

CategoriesNews

Punjab’s anti-smog gun cuts Lahore pollution by 70%

ISLAMABAD: The Punjab government has reported a significant drop in Lahore’s air pollution levels after launching its first anti-smog gun operation, bringing the city’s Air Quality Index (AQI) down from a hazardous 666 to 170.

Punjab Senior Minister Marriyum Aurangzeb said on Saturday that the reduction, verified through the province’s environmental monitoring system, reflects the government’s commitment to using modern technology to improve public health. 

“This 70 percent decrease in air pollution has been scientifically analyzed and confirmed by our advanced environmental monitoring system,” she said in a video statement on X.

The operation involved anti-smog trucks spraying fine water mist across Lahore to settle dust and pollutants. Officials said more such efforts are planned as the smog season intensifies.

Each winter, Lahore faces worsening air quality caused by crop burning, vehicle emissions, and industrial pollution, pushing it among the world’s most polluted cities. Smog season typically begins in late October, peaks from November to January, and can last through February.

Health experts warn that smog exposure can lead to respiratory illnesses, sore throats, and eye irritation, while prolonged exposure raises the risk of stroke, heart disease, and lung cancer. Children remain particularly vulnerable.

Lahore’s 14 million residents have endured PM2.5 levels up to 20 times higher than World Health Organization limits, while Pakistan’s other major cities also struggle with chronic air pollution.

Officials say the provincial government will continue expanding anti-smog operations alongside stricter enforcement of emission controls to maintain recent gains.

CategoriesNews

Severe smog crisis looms over Pakistan as Diwali pollution drifts across border

LAHORE: Air pollution levels across eastern Pakistan have surged sharply following the Diwali festival in neighboring India, as thick smog drifted across the border into Punjab’s major cities, pushing air quality to hazardous levels.

According to data from the Punjab Air Quality Monitoring Network, Lahore recorded an overall Air Quality Index (AQI) of 318, placing it among the world’s most polluted cities. Dera Ghazi Khan reported the province’s highest pollution level at 450, while Sheikhupura recorded 311, Faisalabad 281, and Gujranwala 268. 

Within Lahore, localized readings were even more alarming, with Kahna at 430, Shahdara at 379, Burki Road at 344, Multan Road at 336, and DHA Phase 6 at 327.

Global monitoring platform IQAir ranked Lahore as the world’s most polluted city on Tuesday, with an AQI of 298, surpassing New Delhi, which recorded 283.

In response to the worsening air quality, the Punjab government has activated anti-smog guns and launched night operations in high-pollution zones, including Thokar. The Environment Protection Department (EPD) reported that polluted air masses from Amritsar, Ludhiana, and Haryana are drifting into Pakistan, affecting Lahore, Faisalabad, Sahiwal, Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan, and Multan. Officials warned that pollution levels are expected to peak during the early morning and nighttime hours due to stagnant weather conditions.

Senior Provincial Minister Maryam Aurangzeb called for public cooperation, urging citizens to follow environmental safety protocols and support government measures to combat the crisis.

The Punjab Smog Monitoring Center has advised citizens, especially children, the elderly, and those with respiratory illnesses, to wear masks and avoid unnecessary outdoor activity. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) confirmed that fine PM2.5 particles have spiked across major cities, posing serious health risks. 

Authorities emphasized strict enforcement against industrial emissions, open burning, vehicular smoke, and smoke-emitting eateries as part of a renewed campaign to improve air quality.

As air quality continues to deteriorate, environmental experts warn that the crisis will not abate without comprehensive and cooperative regional action. For now, Lahore and other parts of Punjab remain shrouded in toxic haze — a grim reminder of South Asia’s worsening smog season.

CategoriesCitadel 7

Restoring Hope in Buner: Chakor Foundation Stands with Flood-Affected Families

This year, Pakistan has faced an overwhelming impact of climate change, with unpredictable and extreme weather events disrupting the lives of many across the country. Among the most devastating events was the monsoon season of 2025, which saw catastrophic floods, particularly in northern Pakistan. The worst-hit district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) was Buner, where flash floods between August 14 and 15, 2025, resulted in widespread destruction and loss of life.

The flash floods in Buner were triggered by a rare and intense cloudburst. Heavy rainfall exceeded 150 mm within a short span of time, causing rivers to overflow and landslides to sweep across the region. 

Buner’s steep, erosion-prone terrain, combined with the effects of deforestation and climate change, made the district especially vulnerable to such extreme weather events.

In a matter of hours, the floodwaters submerged entire villages, including Qadar Nagar, Beshouni, Gokun, Malikpur, and Chagarzi, causing widespread damage.

According to the Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA), the floods in Buner led to at least 208 confirmed deaths, with many others still missing. Over 2,300 homes were completely destroyed, and 413 homes were partially damaged. 

In addition, the floods resulted in the loss of approximately 4,054 livestock, widespread destruction of infrastructure, and the displacement of thousands of families.

Key infrastructure, including two police stations and several bridges, was either washed away or severely damaged, making it difficult for rescue operations to access the most affected areas.

The situation has been dire for the residents of Buner. The floods also devastated agricultural lands, rendering approximately 80% of the region’s farmland unusable. With the destruction of homes, livelihoods, and infrastructure, the affected families are now facing a long road to recovery. 

The need for humanitarian assistance remains urgent in the midst of the crisis. Displaced families are in desperate need of food, clean water, medical supplies, and shelter, while the region faces a growing risk of waterborne diseases due to contamination.

Government and non-governmental organizations are supporting the ongoing relief efforts. The Chakor Foundation, in collaboration with the Al Amaan Foundation, has donated Rs. 2 crore to assist in the recovery efforts. 

This contribution will help provide immediate relief to 100 families in the hardest-hit villages, offering tents for shelter, food supplies, and other essential resources.

Muhammad Abbas Khan, the CEO of Chakor Foundation, stated, “We understand the hardships these families are facing and are dedicated to assisting them in restoring their homes and livelihoods.” 

Despite these initial relief efforts, the people of Buner remain in urgent need of further assistance, and the path to rebuilding their homes and communities will require sustained support from both local and international organizations.

The floods in Buner serve as a stark reminder of the vulnerability of many regions in northern Pakistan to extreme weather events. The district’s long-term recovery will require not only infrastructure rebuilding and agricultural restoration but also the implementation of climate-resilient practices to mitigate the effects of future disasters.

As efforts continue, humanitarian organizations and the government are calling for increased donations and resources to help the affected families rebuild their lives. The road to recovery is long, but with continued support, the people of Buner hope to restore their homes and livelihoods.

CategoriesArchitecture

All You Need to Know About Tomb of Quaid e Azam

Among Karachi’s most recognizable landmarks, tomb of Quaid e Azam stands as a proud reminder of Pakistan’s history and the legacy of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The white marble structure reflects both elegance and national pride, drawing visitors from across the country and beyond. This blog explores its rich history, architectural design, and lasting significance as a symbol of Pakistan’s identity and resilience.

Key Information About the Tomb of Quaid e Azam

Attribute Information About Tomb of Quaid e Azam 
Official Name Mazar-e-Quaid (Jinnah Mausoleum / National Mausoleum)
Location M.A. Jinnah Road, Jamshed Quarters, Karachi, Pakistan
Architect of Quaid e Azam Tomb Yahya C. Merchant
Construction Period 1960–1971
Height 43 meters (141 feet)
Area 131.71 acres (including gardens and auxiliary zones)
Material White marble with copper latticework
Inauguration 18 January 1971 by President Yahya Khan
Managed By Quaid-e-Azam Mazar Management Board (QMMB)
Notable Burials Fatima Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Nurul Amin, Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar

Location & How to Reach?

map of mazar e quaid

Tomb of Quaid e Azam is located in the heart of Karachi, near Numaish Chowrangi and M.A. Jinnah Road, one of the city’s busiest and most historic routes. Its central position makes it easily accessible from all major parts of Karachi.

Getting to the Tomb of Quaid e Azam

Visitors can reach the mausoleum conveniently by car, public buses, or ride-hailing services like Careem and Uber. The area is well-connected, so finding transport is never a problem, whether you’re coming from Saddar, Gulshan, or Clifton.

History of Tomb of Quaid e Azam

night view of mazar e quaid

Following the death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1948, a modest white-marble plinth marked his grave. In 1949, the government set up the Quaid‑e‑Azam Memorial Fund (QMF) to plan a fitting national monument to the Founder of Pakistan.

Design Competition and Final Approval

In 1957, the government launched an international design competition to build the mausoleum. The British architect William Whitfield won the competition, but his design was rejected by the QMF and Fatima Jinnah for being too foreign and elaborate.

Eventually, Bombay-based architect Yahya C. Merchant, a personal friend of Jinnah, was commissioned to create the final design in the early 1960s.

Construction & Inauguration

  • The foundation stone was laid by President Ayub Khan on 31 July 1960.
  • The mausoleum was officially inaugurated on 18 January 1971 by President Yahya Khan, featuring a 43-meter-tall white-marble structure.
  • The surrounding neo-Mughal gardens and landscaping were completed later, on 24 December 2000.

Design and Architecture of the Tomb of Quaid e Azam

quaid e azam tomb inside view

The design of the tomb of Quaid e Azam is a remarkable fusion of modernist and Indo-Islamic architectural traditions, reflecting both Pakistan’s cultural roots and its aspirations for progress.

Created by architect Yahya C. Merchant, the mausoleum was envisioned as a structure that symbolized dignity, simplicity, and purity, qualities closely associated with Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah himself.

Merchant drew inspiration from ancient Islamic architecture, particularly the Samanid Mausoleum in Bukhara, one of Central Asia’s earliest Islamic domed tombs.

The resulting design balances a modern geometric structure with traditional elements like pointed arches and a central dome, a blend that bridges Pakistan’s past with its modern identity.

Structure and Features

tomb of quaid e azam interior

The tomb of Quaid e Azam stands on an elevated 54-metre-square platform, giving it an imposing yet graceful presence above Karachi’s cityscape. At its core is a central dome rising 43 meters (141 ft), surrounded by four pointed arches that serve as entrances on each side, representing openness and unity.

The entire structure is clad in pure white marble, a material chosen for its association with purity, peace, and national integrity. Each entrance is adorned with delicate copper lattice screens, allowing natural light to filter through while maintaining an air of solemnity.

Inside, the sarcophagus of Jinnah rests in the center of the chamber, carved from black marble and surrounded by a polished white marble floor.

Landscape and Layout

The monument is surrounded by the expansive Bagh-e-Quaid-e-Azam, a 61-acre landscaped complex designed to frame the mausoleum in perfect symmetry.

The gardens are laid out in tiered terraces, with fountains, flowerbeds, and wide stone pathways leading up to the central structure. The symmetry of the gardens mirrors the balanced design of the mausoleum itself, creating a sense of harmony and reflection.

The open spaces around the monument were specifically designed to accommodate ceremonial parades, national gatherings, and military honors, turning the tomb of Quaid e Azam into both a spiritual and civic center.

Significance and Symbolism

Tomb of Quaid e Azam is much more than just a mausoleum; it is a symbol of Pakistan’s independence, unity, and national pride. The site is deeply ingrained in Pakistan’s collective consciousness, symbolizing the struggles and achievements that led to the creation of the country in 1947.

The mausoleum is the central hub for the nation’s most significant national events, including Pakistan Day (23rd March), Independence Day (14th August), and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s birthday (25th December).

Additional Structures and Museum

quaid e azam mausoleum night view

Tomb of Quaid e Azam is not just a mausoleum; it houses several other important structures and museum facilities that provide deeper insights into Pakistan’s history and Jinnah’s life.

Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-e-Azam

This museum is dedicated to preserving Jinnah’s personal belongings, his speeches, and historical documents that offer a closer look at the life and legacy of Pakistan’s founder.

Grave Hall

Grave Hall inside tomb of quaid e azam

The Grave Hall is a solemn space that contains the tombs of not just Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah but also of his sister Fatima Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan, and other key figures who played significant roles in Pakistan’s early history.

Visitor Information

mazaar e quaid exterior view

Before visiting the tomb of Quaid-e-Azam, make sure to learn about the visit information.

Timings

The mausoleum is generally open to visitors from 10:00 AM to 5:30 PM. However, the timings may vary depending on seasonal changes or special events, so it’s advisable to confirm before planning a visit.

Entry Fees

Entry to the tomb of Quaid e Azam is free for all visitors. It’s an inclusive space, welcoming people from all walks of life to pay homage to Pakistan’s founder. Additionally, guided tours are available to provide more detailed information about the site’s history, architecture, and significance.

Facilities

Tomb of Quaid e Azam offers various amenities for visitors, including gardens, rest areas, and museum halls. The grounds are beautifully maintained, providing a serene and peaceful environment for reflection.

Photography

mazar e quaid garden

Photography is allowed in the outer gardens but is restricted inside the mausoleum to maintain the sanctity and respect for the space.

Conclusion

Mazar-e-Quaid stands as a monument of pride and unity, blending architectural brilliance with historical reverence. Beyond serving as the final resting place of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the mausoleum is a symbol of the nation’s ideals: faith, unity, and discipline.

For more information on similar historic buildings like Badshahi Masjid, visit Chakor blogs.

CategoriesNews

IMF flags $30 billion trade discrepancy in Pakistan’s import records

ISLAMABAD: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has proposed sending a technical assistance mission to Pakistan to examine a trade data discrepancy amounting to between $16.5 billion and $30 billion, aiming to identify the causes and suggest corrective measures.

The proposal was made during the recent review discussions under Pakistan’s $7 billion bailout program, but local authorities have so far declined the offer, asserting that they are capable of addressing the issue independently. Officials said part of the discrepancy stems from unbooked raw materials imported under trade facilitation schemes, while others believe the gap may involve tax evasion or trade-based money laundering.

According to official records, Pakistan Single Window (PSW) reported imports worth $321 billion from July 2020 to June 2025, whereas the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) recorded only $291 billion, creating a $30 billion gap. Additionally, Pakistan Revenue Automation Limited (PRAL) listed $304.5 billion, about $16.5 billion less than PSW’s figure, with $12.8 billion linked to the export facilitation scheme.

PBS Chief Statistician Dr. Naeem Uz-Zafar stated that Pakistan does not require IMF assistance, emphasizing that the bureau is technically equipped to reconcile trade data. Meanwhile, the IMF has urged Pakistan to publicly disclose the discrepancies and enhance transparency in its reporting.

The SBP clarified that its trade data is based primarily on bank-reported transactions, meaning no major revision is expected in the country’s current account balance, though minor adjustments could follow.

Planning Minister Ahsan Iqbal said the government had explained the matter to the IMF, which appeared satisfied with the justification. Meanwhile, Finance Minister Muhammad Aurangzeb reaffirmed Pakistan’s commitment to reforming the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) through improvements in people, process, and technology.

The IMF’s proposed mission, if accepted, would be separate from its financial program and would focus solely on data accuracy and governance improvements.

CategoriesNews

PKR 113 billion loan disbursed to 95,600 families for home construction in Punjab

LAHORE: The Punjab government has disbursed over PKR 113 billion in loans to 95,600 low-income families under the Apni Chhat Apna Ghar Program, aimed at helping citizens build their own homes. The initiative is a key part of Chief Minister Maryam Nawaz’s vision to make homeownership accessible to deserving families across the province.

According to a spokesperson from the Punjab Housing Department, the program plans to provide loans to a total of 500,000 families over the next five years. The project continues to gain momentum, with 82,931 houses currently under construction and 20,940 homes already completed. Additionally, 59,510 families have received their second loan installment to continue building their homes.

A recent review meeting, chaired by Secretary Housing Punjab Noor-ul-Amin Mengal, provided an update on the progress of the scheme. Program Director Waleed Baig briefed attendees on the transparent loan disbursement process, which involves strict eligibility verification to ensure fairness.

The Apni Chhat Apna Ghar Program is making a significant impact, benefiting thousands of families in both urban and rural areas and helping them realize the dream of homeownership.

CategoriesArchitecture

Wazir Khan Mosque | Jewel of Mughal Architecture 2025

Wazir Khan Mosque stands as one of Lahore’s most remarkable architectural and cultural treasures. Built in the 17th century by the Mughal governor Wazir Khan, it’s known for its stunning tile work, intricate frescoes, and towering minarets. This mosque is not only a place of worship but also a symbol of Lahore’s rich history. In this blog, we’ll dive into its history, architectural beauty, and cultural significance, offering a complete guide to this iconic landmark.

Visitor Information

Wazir Khan Mosque, with its stunning architecture and rich history, is a must-visit landmark in Lahore. Here’s all you need to know about visiting this remarkable site:

Location

map of wazir khan mosque

Situated in the Walled City of Lahore, Wazir Khan Mosque is in a culturally rich area, known for its historical significance and vibrant local life. The mosque is surrounded by the old city’s bustling streets, making it a captivating spot for history enthusiasts and photographers alike.

How to Reach?

  • Nearest Landmarks: The mosque is conveniently located near the Lahore Fort, Badshahi Mosque, and the Shahi Hammam. These iconic landmarks are within walking distance, allowing visitors to explore multiple attractions in a single trip.
  • Transportation Options:
    • By Car/Taxi: Wazir Khan Mosque is easily accessible by car or taxi from any part of Lahore, especially from major roads like Mall Road and Circular Road.
    • Public Transport: Public transport options such as buses and rickshaws are available, with stops near the mosque. The Walled City area is well-served by local transport.
    • Walking: For those exploring Lahore’s historical heart, the mosque is also easily accessible on foot from nearby sites in the Walled City.

Best Time to Visit

  • Ideal Seasons: The best time to visit the mosque is during the cooler months of November to February, when the weather is more comfortable for outdoor exploration.
  • Best Time for Photography: Early mornings or late afternoons are the perfect times for photography, especially at sunrise and sunset when the golden light enhances the mosque’s intricate tile work and frescoes.

Wazir Khan Mosque Entrance Fees & Visitor Guidelines

  • Entrance Fees: Currently, there is no entrance fee for visiting Wazir Khan Mosque. However, it is always advisable to check for any updates regarding entrance fees or special guidelines.
  • Visitor Guidelines:
    • Dress modestly as a sign of respect to the religious significance of the site.
    • Visitors are encouraged to maintain the sanctity of the mosque by refraining from loud talking or disturbing other worshippers.
    • Photography is allowed, but visitors should be cautious not to damage the delicate frescoes or tiles while taking pictures.

History of Wazir Khan Mosque

The Wazir Khan Mosque was built by Hakim Ilam-ud-Din Ansari in 1634, also known as Wazir Khan, who served as the governor of Punjab during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Construction commenced in 1634 and was completed in 1641, taking approximately seven years to finish. The mosque was designed to enclose the tomb of Miran Badshah, a revered 14th-century Sufi saint, integrating spiritual and architectural elements. 

Architectural Style

wazir khan mosque

Wazir Khan Mosque is a quintessential example of Mughal architecture, incorporating elements from Persian and Central Asian styles. The mosque’s design reflects the grandeur and symmetry characteristic of Mughal structures, with influences from Timurid and Safavid architectural traditions. This fusion creates a harmonious blend of Islamic and regional design elements, evident in the mosque’s layout, decoration, and structural features.

Layout

The mosque is laid out in a rectangular plan, measuring approximately 86.17 x 50.44 meters (282.7 x 165.4 feet). It comprises five main compartments, each topped with a dome, and is centered around a large courtyard.

The central prayer hall is the largest and is flanked by four smaller domed chambers. This layout is designed to accommodate congregational prayers and reflects the traditional Islamic architectural emphasis on communal worship spaces.

Domes and Minarets

minaret wazir khan mosque

  • Domes: The mosque features five domes: the central dome is 31 feet (9.4 meters) high and 23 feet (7 meters) in diameter, while the four smaller domes are 21 feet (6.4 meters) high and 19 feet (5.8 meters) in diameter.
  • Minarets: Four octagonal minarets, each 107 feet (32.6 meters) tall, mark the corners of the main courtyard. These minarets are adorned with intricate tile work and are among the earliest examples of muqarnas (stalactite-like ornamentation) in South Asia. They serve both aesthetic and functional purposes, enhancing the mosque’s verticality and providing access to elevated platforms.

Kashi-Kari

kashikari at wazir khan mosque

The Wazir Khan Mosque inside and outside, both are adorned with kashi-kari, a form of glazed tile work that originated in Persia. This technique involves the use of vibrant, colored tiles arranged in intricate patterns.

The tile work at Wazir Khan Mosque includes motifs such as cypress trees, floral designs, and geometric patterns, reflecting Persian artistic traditions. The use of cobalt blue, cerulean, white, green, orange, yellow, and purple tiles creates a visually striking effect.

Notably, the mosque’s minarets feature motifs of cypress trees and stars, enhancing their decorative appeal.

Frescoes

Frescoes at wazir khan mosque

The interior walls of the mosque are embellished with buon frescoes, a traditional painting technique applied directly onto wet plaster. These frescoes depict scenes from Islamic paradise, including trees, pitchers of wine, and platters of fruit, symbolizing the rewards of the afterlife.

The frescoes combine imperial Mughal elements with local Punjabi decorative styles, creating a unique artistic expression.

Calligraphy

Calligraphy at wazir khan mosque

Arabic calligraphy adorns various surfaces within the mosque, including verses from the Quran and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

The calligraphy is executed in various scripts, including Nasta’liq, Thuluth, and Tughra, showcasing the artistic versatility of Islamic calligraphers. These inscriptions not only serve decorative purposes but also convey spiritual messages and teachings.

Muqarnas

Muqarnas at wazir khan mosque

Muqarnas, a form of decorative vaulting, are prominently featured in the mosque’s architecture. The entrance iwan (arched portal) is adorned with one of Lahore’s first examples of muqarnas, displaying intricate geometric patterns. This architectural feature, which originated in the Middle East, adds depth and complexity to the mosque’s design.

Restoration & Conservation Efforts

The preservation of Wazir Khan Mosque has been a long-term endeavor, with several challenges and initiatives aimed at maintaining its grandeur for future generations. Here’s a look at the ongoing restoration and conservation efforts:

Challenges Faced

  • Urban Encroachment: As Lahore has expanded, the area around the mosque has faced rapid urbanization, threatening its visibility and accessibility. Buildings and infrastructure encroach on its surroundings, impacting the mosque’s prominence.
  • Pollution and Weathering: The mosque has suffered from environmental factors such as pollution and weathering, causing damage to its intricate frescoes, tiles, and masonry. Exposure to pollutants and the harsh climate has eroded parts of the structure over time.

Major Restoration Projects

  • 2009 Restoration: A significant restoration project began in 2009 to address some of these issues, focusing on cleaning and stabilizing the structure, as well as conserving the decorative elements. This included restoring the frescoes, tile work, and calligraphy that make the mosque an architectural masterpiece.
  • Ongoing Efforts: Conservation efforts continue today, with both local and international organizations actively involved in preserving the mosque’s artistic and architectural features. Efforts focus on structural repair, cleaning tiles, and restoring murals to prevent further deterioration.

Cultural Impact and Tourist Attraction

Wazir Khan Mosque isn’t just a religious site; it’s a cornerstone of Lahore’s cultural and historical fabric. Its significance extends beyond its architectural grandeur, drawing tourists and cultural enthusiasts from around the world. Here’s how it impacts both locals and visitors alike:

Role as a Tourist Destination in Lahore

Wazir Khan Mosque is one of Lahore’s most visited landmarks, attracting thousands of tourists each year. Its stunning Mughal architecture, rich history, and spiritual atmosphere make it a must-see for anyone exploring the city.

Located in the heart of the Walled City of Lahore, it serves as an anchor point for a journey through Lahore’s past, bringing both domestic and international visitors to experience its unique heritage.

FAQs

The following are some of the frequently asked questions regarding the Wazir Khan Mosque.

Who built the Wazir Khan Mosque?

The Wazir Khan Mosque built by Hakim Ilm-ud-din Ansari, is also known as Wazir Khan, who served as the Governor of Lahore during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.

Where is Wazir Khan Mosque located?

Wazir Khan Mosque is located in the walled city of Lahore.

When was the Wazir Khan Mosque built?

The mosque was completed in 1641 during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan, commissioned by the Mughal governor Wazir Khan.

Who was Wazir Khan, and what is his connection to the mosque?

Wazir Khan was the Mughal governor of Lahore, and he commissioned the mosque to showcase Mughal architectural excellence and to serve as a center of worship.

What are the key architectural features of Wazir Khan Mosque?

Key features include Kashi-kari glazed tiles, frescoes, muqarnas, large domes, minarets, and a spacious courtyard.

Is Wazir Khan Mosque open to tourists?

Yes, the mosque is open to tourists. It offers guided tours, allowing visitors to admire its architectural and cultural significance.

Conclusion

Wazir Khan Mosque is a masterpiece of Mughal architecture and an essential part of Lahore’s history. Its stunning tile work, frescoes, and spiritual significance make it a must-visit landmark. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, architecture lover, or cultural traveler, don’t miss the chance to experience this symbol of Mughal excellence. For more information, visit Chakor blogs.

CategoriesNews

Pakistan’s IT Exports Hit Record $3.8 Billion in FY25, Fueled by Remote Work Boom and Digital Services Growth

Pakistan’s Information Technology (IT) sector has reached a significant milestone, with exports climbing to an all-time high of $3.8 billion in fiscal year 2025, reflecting an 18% year-on-year growth. This performance underscores the increasing role of the IT industry in Pakistan’s economic landscape, spurred by heightened global demand for digital services.

A key factor behind this growth has been the rise in freelance and remote work, which saw an impressive 90% surge, contributing $779 million to the total export value. This highlights Pakistan’s growing pool of digital talent and its enhanced competitiveness in IT-enabled services on the global stage.

Despite these positive results, industry leaders have raised concerns about the sustainability of this growth. They warn that without stable government policies, the sector may struggle to maintain its upward trajectory. Concerns center around the unpredictability of regulations and the complexity of compliance processes, which could impede future expansion.

The Ministry of IT and Telecom attributes the sector’s success to a combination of strategic priorities, including the global promotion of Pakistan’s IT sector, investments in talent and infrastructure, supportive policies, reliable internet connectivity, and national digital initiatives such as the drive toward a cashless economy.

IT and Telecom Minister Shaza Fatima outlined ambitious goals for the sector, aiming to achieve $15 billion in IT exports by 2030. She emphasized that ongoing reforms would be key to maintaining this growth momentum. However, the Pakistan Software Houses Association (P@SHA) has urged the government to introduce a predictable and long-term tax and regulatory framework to support the IT and IT-enabled services (ITeS) industry.

P@SHA Chairman Sajjad Syed pointed out that tech entrepreneurs often spend considerable time navigating overlapping regulations rather than focusing on creating export-oriented products. He stressed that the sector’s growth would be significantly boosted if regulatory continuity and compliance processes were simplified. “Every serious investor—local or international—asks two critical questions: What will my tax exposure be, and will the rules change after I invest?” he stated.

To address these concerns, the association has proposed several measures, including extending the 10-year Final Tax Regime (FTR) for IT/ITeS export income, addressing tax disparities that negatively impact businesses operating payrolls within Pakistan, and creating a dedicated channel for foreign currency transactions akin to the Roshan Digital initiative.

Other recommendations include revising the super tax for the sector under the FTR, exempting capital gains tax to enhance investor confidence, standardizing provincial sales tax regulations, and consolidating labor-related levies through a unified digital system for the tech industry.

“These proposals are not about subsidies,” emphasized the P@SHA chairman. “They focus on predictability, digitalization, and simplifying administrative processes.” He further noted that many of these reforms could be cost-neutral or even revenue-positive, as they would foster greater compliance, better documentation, and higher export revenues.